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Event Date: 29 April – 1 May 2011
East Midlands Conference Centre
University of Nottingham  
University Park
Nottingham NG7 2RJ

Landscapes of Secrecy: The CIA in History, Fiction and Memory

Dr Philip Davies (Brunel University) – The CIA versus the NIE

One of the most common misunderstandings in intelligence literature is the common view that National Intelligence Estimates are a CIA product, or at least were prior to the 2004 Intelligence Reorganization and Terrorism Prevention Act. In fact NIE’s have been produced formally outside CIA since 1965 and the Agency’s relationship with national assessments has been one of the most persistently troubled aspects of the US intelligence community since the modern system’s inception in the mid-1940s. Not only did the production of NIEs embody and drive interagency divisions and rivalries in what Amy Zegart has evocatively called the ‘intelligence cacophany’ it was also one of a number of increasingly significant wedges steadily driven between the Director of Central Intelligence and CIA by the DCI’s dual role as chief of the Agency as well as head of the intelligence community as a whole. This paper examines three critical steps in the progressive divorce of NIE production from CIA and its transfer to the Office of the DCI in order to try credibly cast the NIE as a ‘community’ rather than ‘agency’ product that culminated in the eventual establishment of the National Intelligence Officers in 1974 and the National Intelligence Council. The three points examined in this paper are the 1949 Dulles-Jackson-Correa review, the 1952 establishment of the Office and Board of National Estimates and finally the 1965 transfer of the ONE/BNE machine from CIA to the ODCI.

Dr. Philip H.J. Davies is Director of the Brunel University Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies (BCISS) which he co-founded in 2003 and then served as then Deputy as its Deputy-Director until 2008. He recently led Brunel’s participation in the production of the UK’s new military Joint Intelligence Doctrine (JDP 2-00) and innovative joint doctrine on Understanding (JDP 04 in partnership with Defence Intelligence and the MoD’s Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre. He has published extensively on the organisation and management of intelligence institutions initially with a study of the UK’s Secret Intelligence Service (MI6 and the Machinery of Spying (T&F 2004)) and most recently completed a 2-volume comparative study of national intelligence in Britain and the United States (Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States (forthcoming in late 2011/early 2012 from Praeger Security International))11. He also developed Brunel’s innovative and highly subscribed MA in Intelligence and Security Studies and is currently heading Brunel’s participation in the EU-funded Leonardo da Vinci consortium on Competitive Intelligence in Trade and Export (CITEX).

Contact information: Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies, School of Social Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK.

Email: philip.davies@brunel.ac.uk

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Event Date: 29 April – 1 May 2011
East Midlands Conference Centre
University of Nottingham  
University Park
Nottingham NG7 2RJ

Landscapes of Secrecy: The CIA in History, Fiction and Memory

PROGRAMME

DAY 1: FRIDAY 29 APRIL 2011

Opening Remarks,  Richard J. Aldrich (University of Warwick).

Panel 1a: Origins: OSS and the rebirth of the CIA

Chair: Dr Kaeten Mistry (University of Warwick)

Professor Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (University of Edinburgh)
“The Origins of the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Richard Immerman (Temple University)
“From the OSS to the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Nick Cullather (Indiana University)
“The CIA, the culture of intelligence failure, and the Bogotazo episode of 1948’
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 1b: The CIA, Television and Film

Chair/Discussant: Professor Tony Shaw (University of Hertfordshire)

Simon Willmetts (University of Warwick)
“Hitchcock and the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr Trevor McCrisken (University of Warwick)
“The CIA and American Television” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 2a: The CIA in the early Cold War

Chair: Dr Helen Laville (University of Birmingham)

Dr David Robarge (CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence)
“Origins and Development of the CIA Paramilitary function in the early Cold War”
(AUDIO HERE)

Professor Hugh Wilford (California State University Long Beach)
“America’s Great Game: The CIA and the Arab World in the Early Cold War”
(AUDIO HERE)

Laura Moorhead (Independent Scholar)
“Norwood Allman, the CIA and Representations of Intelligence”
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 2b: The CIA and their friends

Chair: Professor David Stafford (University of Edinburgh)

Professor Cees Wiebes (NcTB Netherlands)
“Oh my God, the Dutch did it again” : The Dutch-CIA intelligence liaison ”
(AUDIO HERE)

Peer Henrik Hansen (Cold War Museum, Denmark)
“Cooperation, complications and covert operations: CIA and Danish Intelligence, 1946-63”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Stefania Paladini (Coventry University) –
Viewed by the Allies: The Agency’s (mis)perception in Italy
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 2c: The CIA and American Faction and Fiction and the Press

Chair/Discussant: Professor Wesley Wark (University of Toronto)

Professor Fred Hitz (University of Virginia)
” The Myths and Reality of Espionage” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Jonathan Nashel (University of South Bend, Indiana)
“Ian Fleming and Allen Dulles: Facts, Fictions, and Empires”

Professor Richard J. Aldrich (University of Warwick)
“Renegades and Outriders: The CIA and Journalism” (AUDIO HERE)

Keynote Speech

Chair: Professor Shearer West (Director of Research, Arts and Humanities Research Council)

Shearer West introduces Robert Jervis.

Professor Robert Jervis (Columbia University)
“Why the CIA Doesn’t Do Better” (AUDIO HERE)

Panel 3a: The CIA, declassification, and the Foreign Relations of the United States series

Chair: Professor Richard Immerman (Temple University)

Ted Keefer (former general editor of the Foreign Relations of the United States series, Office of the Historian, State Department)
“The Foreign Relations series and secrecy” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Robert J. McMahon (Mershon Center, Ohio State University)
“The CIA and the FRUS series: the Indonesian case” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr Paul McGarr (University of Nottingham)
“’Playing Games with History’: The State Department, the CIA, and the FRUS series”
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 3b: Lost landscapes

Chair/Discussant: Dr Steve Hewitt (University of Birmingham)

Dr Zakia Shiraz (University of Warwick)
“White Out: The CIA and the Drugs Debate” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr Helen Laville (University of Birmingham)
“Women and the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr Dominik Smyrgala (Faculty of International Relations, Collegium Civitas, Warsaw, Poland)
“The CIA and the Polish Cold War Film and Literature” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 3c: The changing roles of the CIA and the globalisation of intelligence

Chair/Discussant: Professor Scott Lucas (University of Birmingham)
Eugene S. Poteat, AFIO
“The Ever-Changing Role of the CIA: From OSS Covert Operations, to Analysis, to High-Tech and Back”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Adam Svendsen (Research Consultant)
“The CIA and the Globalisation of Intelligence” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

After dinner speaker:

Richard J. Aldrich introduces Chirs Andrew.

Professor Chris Andrew (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)
“’The CIA and US Intelligence: the view from Moscow and London”
(AUDIO HERE)

DAY 2: SATURDAY 30 APRIL 2011

Panel 4a: Cuba, the Bay of Pigs, and the CIA

Chair: Professor Randall B. Woods (University of Arkansas)

Professor Peter Kornbluh (National Security Archive)
“Cuba, the Bay of Pigs and the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

James Perry (Senior Analyst, Northrop Grumman)
‘The Necessary Failure: the Bay of Pigs in Global Context”
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 4b: The CIA, Memoirs and Secrecy

Chair/Discussant: Dr David Robarge (CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence)

Professor Mark Fenster
“Varieties of Deference to ‘Extraordinary Needs’: CIA and Secrecy in the Courts”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Chris Moran (University of Warwick)
“Memories and Memoirs” (AUDIO HERE)

John Hollister Hedley (former chairman of CIA Publications Review Board)
“The CIA and the review of publications by CIA authors”
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 4c: The CIA and intelligence assessment in historical perspective

Chair: Ted Keefer (former general editor of the Foreign Relations of the United States series, Office of the Historian, State Department)

Professor Len Scott (Aberystwyth University)
“The CIA and the Cuban Missile Crisis” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr David Milne (University of East Anglia)
“Excessive Optimism and the politicization of intelligence on Vietnam”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Robert McNamara (University of Ulster)
“US intelligence assessments and the ‘Unholy alliance’ of Southern Africa c. 1960-80”
(AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 5a: The CIA in the era of the Nixon administration

Chair: Professor Peter Kornbluh (National Security Archive)

Dr Christian Gustafson (Brunel University)
“Nixon, Kissinger, the CIA, and Chile” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Randall B. Woods (University of Arkansas)
“William E. Colby and the CIA” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 5b: The CIA and the post-Cold War world

Chair/Discussant: Dr Steve Hewitt (University of Birmingham)

Dr Stephen Marrin (Brunel University)
“The CIA’s analysis in the post-Cold War World”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Maria Ryan (University of Nottingham)
“‘Wilful Blindness or Blissful Ignorance? The United States and the Successful Denuclearisation of Iraq’”
(AUDIO HERE)

Tony Field (University of Warwick)
“The CIA and counter-terrorism intelligence” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 5c: CIA Operations and the question of Covert Action

Chair/Discussant: Professor Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (University of Edinburgh)

Dr David Robarge (CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence)
“CIA Covert Action and Democracy” (AUDIO HERE)

Dr David Ryan (University College, Cork)
“Mining Nicaragua’s Harbours and Undermining CIA Recovery ”
(AUDIO HERE)

John Prados (National Security Archive)
“Whither Covert Operations?” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Plenary address.

Chair: Professor Richard J. Aldrich (University of Warwick)

Richard J. Aldrich introduces Wesley Wark.

Professor Wesley Wark (University of Toronto)
“The CIA and Western Culture” (AUDIO HERE)

Panel 6a: Counter-intelligence and the Soviet Bloc

Chair/Discussant: Gill Bennett

Hayden Peake
“On the Origins of Cold War Counterintelligence in the United States”
(AUDIO HERE)

Professor Jonathan Haslam (University of Cambridge)
“Soviet counter-intelligence against US operations in Moscow”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Paul Maddrell (Aberystwyth University)
“The CIA and the GDR in the Cold War” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 6b: Cultural encounters

Chair/Discussant: Professor Fred Hitz (University of Virginia)

Dr Jason Harding (School of Advanced Study, University of London)
“The CIA and Encounter magazine” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Kathryn Olmsted (UC Davis)
“The CIA and Conspiracy Theories” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Panel 6c: Technical Collection, and the National Estimating System

Chair/Discussant: Cees Wiebes (NcTB Netherlands)

Dr Matthew Aid (National Security Archive)
“The CIA sigint programme and  its relations with the NSA”
(AUDIO HERE)

Chris Pocock (author and defense editor)
“The Black Bats: Covert Air Operations over China from Taiwan, 1951-1969”
(AUDIO HERE)

Dr Philip Davies (Brunel University)
“The CIA versus the NIE” (AUDIO HERE)

discussion.

Roundtable panel 7a: The CIA and declassification

Chair: Dr Matthew Aid (National  Security Archive)

Dr David Robarge (CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence)
“Recent CIA initiatives in the field” (AUDIO HERE)

Professor Nick Cullather (Indiana University)

Professor Mark Fenster (University of Florida)

Professor Richard Immerman (Temple University)

Dr Paul McGarr (University of Nottingham)

Professor Robert J. McMahon (Mershon Center, Ohio State University)

(Roundtable AUDIO HERE)

Roundtable panel 7b: The CIA and post-war American culture

Chair/Discussant: Professor Scott Lucas (University of Birmingham)

Professor Fred Hitz (University of Virginia)

Professor Peter Kornbluh (National Security Archive)

Professor Jonathan Nashel (University of South Bend, Indiana)

Professor Wesley Wark (University of Toronto)

Professor Hugh Wilford (California State University, Long Beach)

(Roundtable AUDIO HERE)

closing lecture

Professor Richard J. Aldrich (University of Warwick)
“The History of GCHQ” CONFIDENTIAL (NOT RECORDED)

Postgraduate panels sponsored by the Eccles Centre at the British Library are here (click)

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